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Gibeon ((ヘブライ語:גבעון), Standard Hebrew ''Giv'on'', Tiberian Hebrew ''Giḇʻôn'') was a Canaanite city north of Jerusalem that was conquered by Joshua. The pre-conquest inhabitants of Gibeon, the Gibeonites, were Hivites according to and , or Amorites according to . The remains of Gibeon are located on the south edge of the Palestinian village of Al Jib. ==Archaeology== The earliest known mention of Gibeon in an extra-Biblical source is in a list of cities on the wall of the Amum temple at Karnak, celebrating the invasion of Israel by Egyptian Pharaoh Shoshenq I (945-924 BCE).〔J. Blenkinsopp, ''Gibeon and Israel'' (Cambridge University Press, 1972), p3.〕 The remains of Gibeon were excavated in six expeditions from 1956 to 1962, led by the University of Pennsylvania archaeologist James B. Pritchard.〔J. B. Pritchard, ''Gibeon: where the sun stood still'' (Princeton University Press, 1962).〕〔E. Stern (ed.), ''The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land'', article "Gibeon", Israel Exploration Society & Carta (1993), Vol 2, pp511-514.〕〔J. B. Pritchard, Culture and History, in J. P. Hyatt (ed.) ''The Bible in Modern Scholarship'' (Abingdon Press, 1965), pp313-324.〕 Gibeon was founded in the Early Bronze Age,〔"The Biblical World. A dictionary of Biblical Archaeology", ed. Charles F. Pfeiffer, art. "Gibeon"〕 for the excavators discovered 14 EB storage jars beneath the foundations of the Iron Age wall. Other EB remains were discovered at the top of the ''tel'' but the stratigraphy had been destroyed by British gunfire during the First World War. It is probable that there was a defensive wall, but this has not yet been found. Tombs cut into the rock on the east site of the hill contained EB jars and bowls, formed first by hand and then finished on a slow wheel. The Early Bronze city was destroyed by fire, but no date has been determined for this destruction. The Middle Bronze Age is known from shaft tombs on the west of the city: 26 MBI tombs have been found but the crudeness of the pottery they contain indicate that the people may have been nomads camping on an unfortified site. The remains are similar to those found elsewhere at Jericho, Lachish and Megiddo. In MBII, however, a substantial city was built and the pottery was the finest ever created, some so thin that it could be mistaken for the shell of an ostrich egg! 29 MBII tombs have been found, apparently containing multiple burials (as opposed to the single burials of the MBI tombs). Only seven tombs are known from the Late Bronze period, but they nevertheless point to a degree of sophistication, as they contained imported Cypriote ware and local potters attempted to copy Mycenaean and Cypriote pottery. It would appear that some, at least, of these tombs had been cut during earlier periods and were being reused.〔〔 During the early Iron Age, a massive wall was constructed around the crown of the hill and a huge pool was cut in the living rock just inside the wall. It is 11.8m in diameter and 10.8m deep, with a spiral staircase of 79 steps cut into the walls of the pool, continuing downwards into a tunnel that provides access to a water chamber 24m below the level of the city. It is possible, but cannot be proven, that this structure is the "pool of Gibeon" of ''2 Samuel 2:13''. Later in the Iron Age, another tunnel of 93 steps was constructed to a better water source below the city starting from a point near the pool. A second access point to this source from the base of the hill is still in use today.〔〔 This was apparently the city's period of greatest prosperity. In the 8th and 7th century BCE there was a considerable wine industry there; cellars with room for 95,000 liters of wine have been found. Impressive among these finds are sixty-three wine cellars from the 8th to 7th century BC. Hebrew inscriptions of גבען (GBʻN) on the handles of wine storage jars, most of which were excavated from a large pool matching the biblical description, made the identification of Gibeon secure and a landmark product of biblical archaeology. Pritchard published articles on their production of wine, the Hebrew inscriptions, the rock-cut wine cellars, and the well engineered water conduits that supplied the city water. From the 6th to the beginning of the 1st century BCE, there is scant evidence of occupation. During the Roman period there was considerable building, including stepped baths and water conduits.〔〔 Gibeon was possibly a dependency of Jerusalem, and was probably not fortified at the time. The identification of the ancient Canaanite city of Gibeon with modern al-Jib, conjectured since the 17th century, was proved by Hebrew inscriptions unearthed in 1956.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gibeon (ancient city)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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